Domain Eukarya : Kingdom Protista

Do Now: # _____ What do you think you will see under the microscope? Make some drawings.

Fig. 4a. Examples of the tremendous diversity in cell form of the microscopic planktonic algae in freshwater. Epilithic = growing on rocks, Epipsammic = growing in sand, Epipelic = growing in sediments, Epiphytic = growing on plants. (Round 1981). Used with permission of Cambridge University Press.

These area all microscopic genera, a few of which may form filaments or crusts visible to the naked eye. Epilithic: 1. Calothrix, 2. Ulothrix, 3. Chaetphora, 4. Chamaesiphon, 5. Cymbella. Epiphytic: 6. Oedogonium, 7. Ophiocytium, 8. Characium, 9. Tabellaria, 10. Cocconeis, 11. Gomphonema, 12. Dermocarpa. Planktonic: 13. Pandoria, 14. Fragilaria, 15. Anabaena, 16. Ceratium, 17. Ankistrodesmus, 18. Melosira, 19. Chlamydomonas, 20. Mallonomas, 21. Staurastrum, 22. Dinobyron, 23. Cyclotella, 24 Navicula, 25 Green Unicells, 26. Opephora, 27. Nitzschia, 28. Amphora, 29. Achnanthes, 30. Nitzschia, 31. Achnanthes, 32. Cymbella, 33. Gomphonema. Epipelic: 34. Caloneis, 35. Spirulina, 36. Mesimopedia, 37. Navicula, 38. Amphora, 39. Oscillatoria, 40. Euglena, 41. Phormidium, 42. Pinnularia, 43. Surirella, 44. Closterium, 45. Trachelomonas, 46. Cymatopluera.

chromosomes and meoisis and mitosis

Organism	Scientific name	Diploid number of chromosomes	Notes
	Helminthostachys zeylanica	94
Adders-tongue	Ophioglossum reticulatum	1200 or 1260	This fern has the highest known chromosome number.
African Wild Dog	Lycaon pictus	78[1]
Alfalfa	Medicago sativa	32[2]	Cultivated alfalfa is tetraploid, with 2n=4x=32. Wild relatives have 2n=16.[2]
American Badger	Taxidea taxus	32
American Marten	Martes americana	38
American Mink	Neovison vison	30
Aquatic Rat	Anotomys leander	92[3]	Tied for highest number in mammals with Ichthyomys pittieri.
Barley	Hordeum vulgare	14[2]
Bat-eared Fox	Otocyon megalotis	72[1]
Bean	Phaseolus sp.	22[2]	All species in the genus have the same chromosome number, including P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolis, and P. lunatus.[2]
Beaver (American)	Castor canadensis	40
Beaver (Eurasian)	Castor fiber	48
Beech Marten	Martes foina	38
Bengal Fox	Vulpes bengalensis	60
Bittersweet nightshade	Solanum dulcamara	24[4][5]
Black nightshade	Solanum nigrum	72[6]
Cabbage	Brassica oleracea	18[2]	Broccoli, cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower are all the same species and have the same chromosome number.[2]
Capuchin Monkey	Cebus x	54[7]
Carp		104
Cat	Felis catus	38
Chicken	Gallus gallus domesticus	78
Chimpanzee	Pan troglodytes	48 [8]
Chinchilla	Chinchilla lanigera	64 [9]
Coatimundi		38
Cotton	Gossypium hirsutum	52[2]	2n=4x; Cultivated upland cotton is derived from an allotetraploid
Cow	Bos primigenius	60
Coyote	Canis latrans	78[1]
Crab-eating rat (semiaquatic rodent)	Ichthyomys pittieri	92[3]	Tied for highest number in mammals with Anotomys leander.
Deer Mouse	Peromyscus maniculatus	48
Dhole	Cuon alpinus	78
Dingo	Canis lupus dingo	78[1]
Dog	Canis lupus familiaris	78[10]	76 autosomal and 2 sexual.[11]
Dolphin	Delphinidae Delphis	44
Donkey	Equus africanus asinus	62
Dove		78[12]	Based on African collared dove
Duck-billed Platypus		52
Earthworm	Lumbricus terrestris	36
Echidna		63/64	63 (XXY, male) and 64 (XXXX, female)
Elephant		56
Elk (Wapiti)	Cervus canadensis	68
Eurasian Badger	Meles meles	44
European honey bee	Apis mellifera	32	32 for females, males are haploid and thus have 16.
European Mink		38
European Polecat	Mustela putorius	40
Fennec Fox	Vulpes zerda	64[1]
Ferret	Mustela putorius furo	40
Field Horsetail	Equisetum arvense	216
Fisher (animal)		38	a type of marten
Fossa	Cryptoprocta ferox	42
Fruit fly	Drosophila melanogaster	8[13]	6 autosomal, and 2 sexual
Giraffe	Giraffa camelopardalis	62
Goat		60
Golden Jackal	Canis aureus	78[1]
Gorilla		48
Grape ferns	Sceptridum	90
Gray Fox	Urocyon cinereoargenteus	66[1]
Gypsy moth		62
Hare[14][15]		48
Hawkweed		8
Hedgehog Genus Atelerix (African hedgehogs)		90
Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus (Woodland hedgehogs)		88
Horse	Equus ferus caballus	64
Human	Homo sapiens	46[16]	44 autosomal and 2 sex
Husk Tomato	Physalis pubescens	24[17]
Hyena		40
Jack jumper ant	Myrmecia pilosula	2[18]	2 for females, males are haploid and thus have 1; smallest number possible. Other ant species have more chromosomes.[18]
Kangaroo		16	This includes several members genus Macropus, but not the red kangaroo (M. rufus, 40)[19]
Kit Fox		50
Lion	Panthera leo	38
Long-nosed Cusimanse (a type of mongoose)		36
Maize	Zea mays	20[2]
Maned Wolf	Chrysocyon brachyurus	76
Mango	Mangifera indica	40[2]
Meerkat		36
Moonworts	Botrychium	90
Mosquito	Aedes aegypti	6[20]	The 2n=6 chromosome number is conserved in the entire family Culicidae, except in Chagasia bathana which has 2n=8.[20]
Mouse	Mus musculus	40
Mule		63	semi-infertile
Nagaho-no-natsu-no-hana-warabi	Botrypus strictus	88	B. strictus and B. virginianus have been shown to be paraphyletic in the genus Botrypus
Oats	Avena sativa	42[2]	This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Diploid and tetraploid cultivated species also exist.[2]
Orangutan		48
Oriental Small-clawed Otter	Aonyx cinerea	38
Pea	Pisum sativum	14[2]
Pig		38
Pigeon		80
Pine Marten		38
Pineapple	Ananas comosus	50[2]
Platypus	Ornithorhynchus anatinus	52 [21]	Ten sex chromosomes.
Porcupine	Erethizon dorsatum	34 [9]
Potato	Solanum tuberosum	48[2]	This is a tetraploid; wild relatives mostly have 2n=24.[2]
Rabbit		44
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)		38[22]
Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides	56
Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes viverrinus	42	some sources say sub-species differ with 38, 54, and even 56 chromosomes
Radish	Raphanus sativus	18[2]
Rat		42
Rattlesnake fern	Botrypus virginianus	184
Red Deer	Cervus elaphus	68
Red Fox	Vulpes vulpes	34[1]	Plus 3-5 microsomes.
Red Panda		36
Reeves's Muntjac	Muntiacus reevesi	46
Rhesus Monkey		42[23]
Rice	Oryza sativa	24[2]
Rye	Secale cereale	14[2]
Sable		38
Sable Antelope		46
Sea Otter		38
Sheep		54
Shrimp	Penaeus semisulcatus	86-92 [24]
Slime Mold	Dictyostelium discoideum	12 [25]
Snail		24
Spotted Skunk		64
Starfish		36
Striped skunk		50
Swamp Wallaby	Wallabia bicolor	10/11	10 for male, 11 for female
Tanuki/Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides albus	38
Thale Cress	Arabidopsis thaliana	10
Tibetan fox		36
Tiger	Panthera tigris	38
Tobacco	Nicotiana tabacum	48[2]	Cultivated species is a tetraploid.[2]
Turkey		82
Virginia Opossum	Didelphis virginiana	22[26]
Wheat	Triticum aestivum	42[2]	This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Durum wheat is Triticum turgidum var. durum, and is a tetraploid with 2n=4x=28.[2]
White-tailed deer	Odocoileus virginianus	70
Wolf		78
Wolverine		42
Woolly Mammoth		58	extinct; tissue from a frozen carcass
Yeast		32
Yellow Mongoose		36

	Chromosome Numbers in Different Species

Common Name	Genus and Species	Diploid Chromosome Number
Buffalo	Bison bison	60
Cat	Felis catus	38
Cattle	Bos taurus, B. indicus	60
Dog	Canis familiaris	78
Donkey	E. asinus	62
Goat	Capra hircus	60
Horse	Equus caballus	64
Human	Homo sapiens	46
Pig	Sus scrofa	38
Sheep	Ovis aries	54

	Advanced and Supplemental Topics The Extremes in Chromosome Number

Diagrams of Protists

Cillia, Psuedopodia, Flagella

protista video

Protists - Do Now #13

Do Now #13:  Now that endosymbiosis has happened draw what you think living EUKARYOTIC organisms looked like.


Kingdom Protista:


 Protista = the very first
all Eukaryotic














Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Characteristics of Protists


They all need some kind of a water-based environment--which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, polar bear hairs--in which to live. All are aerobic and have mitochondria to do cellular respiration, and some have chloroplasts and can do photosynthesis.

• mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
• can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
• ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Classification of Protists

• how they obtain nutrition
• how they move

Animallike Protists - also called protozoa (means "first animal") - heterotrophs
Plantlike Protists - also called algae - autotrophs
Funguslike Protists - heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion


The transition to eukaryotic cells appears to have occurred during the Proterozoic Era, about 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago. However, recent genetic studies suggest eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes closer to 2 billion years ago. Fossils do not yet agree with this date. The old Kingdom Protista, as I learned it long ago, thus contains some living groups that might serve as possible models for the early eukaryotes. This taxonomic kingdom has been broken into many new kingdoms, reflecting new studies and techniques that help elucidate the true phylogenetic sequence of life on Earth.
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/kingdom_protista.htm


Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Characteristics of Protists


They all need some kind of a water-based environment--which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, polar bear hairs--in which to live. All are aerobic and have mitochondria to do cellular respiration, and some have chloroplasts and can do photosynthesis.

• mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
• can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
• ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Classification of Protists

• how they obtain nutrition
• how they move

Animallike Protists - also called protozoa (means "first animal") - heterotrophs
Plantlike Protists - also called algae - autotrophs
Funguslike Protists - heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion


The transition to eukaryotic cells appears to have occurred during the Proterozoic Era, about 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago. However, recent genetic studies suggest eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes closer to 2 billion years ago. Fossils do not yet agree with this date. The old Kingdom Protista, as I learned it long ago, thus contains some living groups that might serve as possible models for the early eukaryotes. This taxonomic kingdom has been broken into many new kingdoms, reflecting new studies and techniques that help elucidate the true phylogenetic sequence of life on Earth.

DNA - Do Now 12

Do Now #12 What is DNA and what does it do?




DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

http://www.dnai.org/

The genes carry the instructions for making all the thousands of proteins that are found in a cell.  The proteins in a cell determine what that cell will look like and what jobs that cell will do.