Domain Eukarya : Kingdom Protista

Do Now: # _____ What do you think you will see under the microscope? Make some drawings.

Fig. 4a. Examples of the tremendous diversity in cell form of the microscopic planktonic algae in freshwater. Epilithic = growing on rocks, Epipsammic = growing in sand, Epipelic = growing in sediments, Epiphytic = growing on plants. (Round 1981). Used with permission of Cambridge University Press.

These area all microscopic genera, a few of which may form filaments or crusts visible to the naked eye. Epilithic: 1. Calothrix, 2. Ulothrix, 3. Chaetphora, 4. Chamaesiphon, 5. Cymbella. Epiphytic: 6. Oedogonium, 7. Ophiocytium, 8. Characium, 9. Tabellaria, 10. Cocconeis, 11. Gomphonema, 12. Dermocarpa. Planktonic: 13. Pandoria, 14. Fragilaria, 15. Anabaena, 16. Ceratium, 17. Ankistrodesmus, 18. Melosira, 19. Chlamydomonas, 20. Mallonomas, 21. Staurastrum, 22. Dinobyron, 23. Cyclotella, 24 Navicula, 25 Green Unicells, 26. Opephora, 27. Nitzschia, 28. Amphora, 29. Achnanthes, 30. Nitzschia, 31. Achnanthes, 32. Cymbella, 33. Gomphonema. Epipelic: 34. Caloneis, 35. Spirulina, 36. Mesimopedia, 37. Navicula, 38. Amphora, 39. Oscillatoria, 40. Euglena, 41. Phormidium, 42. Pinnularia, 43. Surirella, 44. Closterium, 45. Trachelomonas, 46. Cymatopluera.

chromosomes and meoisis and mitosis

Organism	Scientific name	Diploid number of chromosomes	Notes
	Helminthostachys zeylanica	94
Adders-tongue	Ophioglossum reticulatum	1200 or 1260	This fern has the highest known chromosome number.
African Wild Dog	Lycaon pictus	78[1]
Alfalfa	Medicago sativa	32[2]	Cultivated alfalfa is tetraploid, with 2n=4x=32. Wild relatives have 2n=16.[2]
American Badger	Taxidea taxus	32
American Marten	Martes americana	38
American Mink	Neovison vison	30
Aquatic Rat	Anotomys leander	92[3]	Tied for highest number in mammals with Ichthyomys pittieri.
Barley	Hordeum vulgare	14[2]
Bat-eared Fox	Otocyon megalotis	72[1]
Bean	Phaseolus sp.	22[2]	All species in the genus have the same chromosome number, including P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolis, and P. lunatus.[2]
Beaver (American)	Castor canadensis	40
Beaver (Eurasian)	Castor fiber	48
Beech Marten	Martes foina	38
Bengal Fox	Vulpes bengalensis	60
Bittersweet nightshade	Solanum dulcamara	24[4][5]
Black nightshade	Solanum nigrum	72[6]
Cabbage	Brassica oleracea	18[2]	Broccoli, cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower are all the same species and have the same chromosome number.[2]
Capuchin Monkey	Cebus x	54[7]
Carp		104
Cat	Felis catus	38
Chicken	Gallus gallus domesticus	78
Chimpanzee	Pan troglodytes	48 [8]
Chinchilla	Chinchilla lanigera	64 [9]
Coatimundi		38
Cotton	Gossypium hirsutum	52[2]	2n=4x; Cultivated upland cotton is derived from an allotetraploid
Cow	Bos primigenius	60
Coyote	Canis latrans	78[1]
Crab-eating rat (semiaquatic rodent)	Ichthyomys pittieri	92[3]	Tied for highest number in mammals with Anotomys leander.
Deer Mouse	Peromyscus maniculatus	48
Dhole	Cuon alpinus	78
Dingo	Canis lupus dingo	78[1]
Dog	Canis lupus familiaris	78[10]	76 autosomal and 2 sexual.[11]
Dolphin	Delphinidae Delphis	44
Donkey	Equus africanus asinus	62
Dove		78[12]	Based on African collared dove
Duck-billed Platypus		52
Earthworm	Lumbricus terrestris	36
Echidna		63/64	63 (XXY, male) and 64 (XXXX, female)
Elephant		56
Elk (Wapiti)	Cervus canadensis	68
Eurasian Badger	Meles meles	44
European honey bee	Apis mellifera	32	32 for females, males are haploid and thus have 16.
European Mink		38
European Polecat	Mustela putorius	40
Fennec Fox	Vulpes zerda	64[1]
Ferret	Mustela putorius furo	40
Field Horsetail	Equisetum arvense	216
Fisher (animal)		38	a type of marten
Fossa	Cryptoprocta ferox	42
Fruit fly	Drosophila melanogaster	8[13]	6 autosomal, and 2 sexual
Giraffe	Giraffa camelopardalis	62
Goat		60
Golden Jackal	Canis aureus	78[1]
Gorilla		48
Grape ferns	Sceptridum	90
Gray Fox	Urocyon cinereoargenteus	66[1]
Gypsy moth		62
Hare[14][15]		48
Hawkweed		8
Hedgehog Genus Atelerix (African hedgehogs)		90
Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus (Woodland hedgehogs)		88
Horse	Equus ferus caballus	64
Human	Homo sapiens	46[16]	44 autosomal and 2 sex
Husk Tomato	Physalis pubescens	24[17]
Hyena		40
Jack jumper ant	Myrmecia pilosula	2[18]	2 for females, males are haploid and thus have 1; smallest number possible. Other ant species have more chromosomes.[18]
Kangaroo		16	This includes several members genus Macropus, but not the red kangaroo (M. rufus, 40)[19]
Kit Fox		50
Lion	Panthera leo	38
Long-nosed Cusimanse (a type of mongoose)		36
Maize	Zea mays	20[2]
Maned Wolf	Chrysocyon brachyurus	76
Mango	Mangifera indica	40[2]
Meerkat		36
Moonworts	Botrychium	90
Mosquito	Aedes aegypti	6[20]	The 2n=6 chromosome number is conserved in the entire family Culicidae, except in Chagasia bathana which has 2n=8.[20]
Mouse	Mus musculus	40
Mule		63	semi-infertile
Nagaho-no-natsu-no-hana-warabi	Botrypus strictus	88	B. strictus and B. virginianus have been shown to be paraphyletic in the genus Botrypus
Oats	Avena sativa	42[2]	This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Diploid and tetraploid cultivated species also exist.[2]
Orangutan		48
Oriental Small-clawed Otter	Aonyx cinerea	38
Pea	Pisum sativum	14[2]
Pig		38
Pigeon		80
Pine Marten		38
Pineapple	Ananas comosus	50[2]
Platypus	Ornithorhynchus anatinus	52 [21]	Ten sex chromosomes.
Porcupine	Erethizon dorsatum	34 [9]
Potato	Solanum tuberosum	48[2]	This is a tetraploid; wild relatives mostly have 2n=24.[2]
Rabbit		44
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)		38[22]
Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides	56
Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes viverrinus	42	some sources say sub-species differ with 38, 54, and even 56 chromosomes
Radish	Raphanus sativus	18[2]
Rat		42
Rattlesnake fern	Botrypus virginianus	184
Red Deer	Cervus elaphus	68
Red Fox	Vulpes vulpes	34[1]	Plus 3-5 microsomes.
Red Panda		36
Reeves's Muntjac	Muntiacus reevesi	46
Rhesus Monkey		42[23]
Rice	Oryza sativa	24[2]
Rye	Secale cereale	14[2]
Sable		38
Sable Antelope		46
Sea Otter		38
Sheep		54
Shrimp	Penaeus semisulcatus	86-92 [24]
Slime Mold	Dictyostelium discoideum	12 [25]
Snail		24
Spotted Skunk		64
Starfish		36
Striped skunk		50
Swamp Wallaby	Wallabia bicolor	10/11	10 for male, 11 for female
Tanuki/Raccoon Dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides albus	38
Thale Cress	Arabidopsis thaliana	10
Tibetan fox		36
Tiger	Panthera tigris	38
Tobacco	Nicotiana tabacum	48[2]	Cultivated species is a tetraploid.[2]
Turkey		82
Virginia Opossum	Didelphis virginiana	22[26]
Wheat	Triticum aestivum	42[2]	This is a hexaploid with 2n=6x=42. Durum wheat is Triticum turgidum var. durum, and is a tetraploid with 2n=4x=28.[2]
White-tailed deer	Odocoileus virginianus	70
Wolf		78
Wolverine		42
Woolly Mammoth		58	extinct; tissue from a frozen carcass
Yeast		32
Yellow Mongoose		36

	Chromosome Numbers in Different Species

Common Name	Genus and Species	Diploid Chromosome Number
Buffalo	Bison bison	60
Cat	Felis catus	38
Cattle	Bos taurus, B. indicus	60
Dog	Canis familiaris	78
Donkey	E. asinus	62
Goat	Capra hircus	60
Horse	Equus caballus	64
Human	Homo sapiens	46
Pig	Sus scrofa	38
Sheep	Ovis aries	54

	Advanced and Supplemental Topics The Extremes in Chromosome Number

Diagrams of Protists

Cillia, Psuedopodia, Flagella

protista video

Protists - Do Now #13

Do Now #13:  Now that endosymbiosis has happened draw what you think living EUKARYOTIC organisms looked like.


Kingdom Protista:


 Protista = the very first
all Eukaryotic














Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Characteristics of Protists


They all need some kind of a water-based environment--which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, polar bear hairs--in which to live. All are aerobic and have mitochondria to do cellular respiration, and some have chloroplasts and can do photosynthesis.

• mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
• can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
• ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Classification of Protists

• how they obtain nutrition
• how they move

Animallike Protists - also called protozoa (means "first animal") - heterotrophs
Plantlike Protists - also called algae - autotrophs
Funguslike Protists - heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion


The transition to eukaryotic cells appears to have occurred during the Proterozoic Era, about 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago. However, recent genetic studies suggest eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes closer to 2 billion years ago. Fossils do not yet agree with this date. The old Kingdom Protista, as I learned it long ago, thus contains some living groups that might serve as possible models for the early eukaryotes. This taxonomic kingdom has been broken into many new kingdoms, reflecting new studies and techniques that help elucidate the true phylogenetic sequence of life on Earth.
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/kingdom_protista.htm


Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Characteristics of Protists


They all need some kind of a water-based environment--which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, polar bear hairs--in which to live. All are aerobic and have mitochondria to do cellular respiration, and some have chloroplasts and can do photosynthesis.

• mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
• can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
• ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Classification of Protists

• how they obtain nutrition
• how they move

Animallike Protists - also called protozoa (means "first animal") - heterotrophs
Plantlike Protists - also called algae - autotrophs
Funguslike Protists - heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion


The transition to eukaryotic cells appears to have occurred during the Proterozoic Era, about 1.2 to 1.5 billion years ago. However, recent genetic studies suggest eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes closer to 2 billion years ago. Fossils do not yet agree with this date. The old Kingdom Protista, as I learned it long ago, thus contains some living groups that might serve as possible models for the early eukaryotes. This taxonomic kingdom has been broken into many new kingdoms, reflecting new studies and techniques that help elucidate the true phylogenetic sequence of life on Earth.

DNA - Do Now 12

Do Now #12 What is DNA and what does it do?




DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

http://www.dnai.org/

The genes carry the instructions for making all the thousands of proteins that are found in a cell.  The proteins in a cell determine what that cell will look like and what jobs that cell will do. 

 

Endosymbiosis and the Eukaryotes... Do Now#10

Do Now #10  - What does the fact that all multicellular life is eukarytoic tell you about the importance of the nucleus?


Do Now #11 - Can you think of an example where when you help someone else it also helps yourself?  What would you call this?


What is symbiosis? http://youtu.be/jbCHI_PucnM http://youtu.be/w6aaOLy3mAk





 ENDOSYMBIOSIS WHAT IS THAT?




Eukaryote:

Circle the Branches that are Eukaryotic

When did the first Eukaryote evolve?  How did it evolve from Prokaryotic bacteria?


The answer lies in symbiosis.  Endosymbiosis to be exact!

Dependent or Independent

Do Now # 9:

What is the difference between being dependent and being independent?








What is a variable in math? 

What does it mean to vary something?

What does variety mean?



In science when we experiment we need to know what we are experimenting on and what is the thing that is affecting our experiment.  Therefore when we do experiments we want to control the variables to the point where there is only one difference between samples so we can attribute any changes to the variable that we choose to change. 

There are 3 variables.

1.  Independent Variable:  this is the variable we change in every sample.


2. Dependent Variable: this is the variable we gather data on, the change that occurs becuase of our independent variable


3. Control Variable - these are all the other possible variables which we try to keep control of and constant in all samples.

2 great articles: 50 Goldilocks Planets Possibly Found Outside Our Solar System and Seed Storage Facility

This would be a great story to do some extra credit on.

Goldilocks

Seed Storage

3 domains of life: Do Now # 8

Do Now # 8 What organism is the trunk or base of the tree of life?

Tree of Life -


1st fossils are of cyanobacteria:
Cyanobacteria are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see. They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact! It may surprise you then to know that the cyanobacteria are still around; they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth.

Extra Credit

Extra Credit Rubric:

You can receive extra credit in 1 of 2 ways.

1. Reading any article of scientific interest to you. 
2. In class when I say I don’t know the answer you get extra credit if you find out.

On a separate sheet of paper answer the following questions.

1.      Summarize the findings of your research or the article you chose to read, in one paragraph.

2.      Describe any connections with material we are currently learning in class?

3.      Discuss the connections to your everyday life (non-classroom) and Explain these connections?

4.      List 2 words that you cold learn more about and look them up in a dictionary and then explain how these words are used in the context of this article.

5.      Formulate 2 questions about the topic of this article that you still have after reading the entire article.

Decomposition Song: Do Now #7

Do Now #7:  Why are produceres and decomposers so very important to all life on Earth?

Decomposition
Is this waste? Well I don't know;
One thing dies to let another grow.
This circle we see almost every day;
the name we call it is.........decay.
Chorus:
Well come on all you people, gather 'round
Breakdown and listen......
To decomposition:
Group 1: Muncha, muncha, muncha.....
Group 2: Decomposition, decomposition, decomposition.....
Group 3: I get down, I break down, I get.......
There are many kids of bugs;
Worms and snails and slimy slugs.
They are useful for me and you;
They help to make the soil.....Renew.
Chorus
Decomposition is a useful game;
A tree drops its leaves, but they don't stay the same.
A bug chews them up and spits them back out;
Making the soil for a new tree to sprout.
Chorus

Compounds, Producers, Consumers and Decomposers and Do Now #6

Do Now #6:
Explain why scientists think the first life on planet Earth had to have been single celled organisms. 



Compounds In the Cells


What is a compound?  A substance that is composed of 2 or more different elements.


 

• Proteins -
• Lipids -
• Carbohydrates-
• Nucleic Acids -
• ATP -

What is the difference between a producer, decomposer and a consumer?

Do Now #5:  What do you think are the necessities of life? Does all life need oxygen to live?












Aerobic: -


Anaerobic: -
  

General Roots and Prefixes

Root or Prefix	Meaning	Examples
a, an	not, without	atheist, anarchy, anonymous apathy, aphasia, anemia, atypical, anesthesia

Was the first life on Planet Earth, aerobic or anaerobic and why?





Do you think life on Early Earth required water?


All organisms require water in some form, to either replace cells, tissue, or to reproduce. DNA requires water for replication.  Water is used in almost all metabolic reactions (digesting of food).  Plants need water to complete photosynthesis.

The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ light energy) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

If all life on the planet needs water then their must have been water present in Early Earth...during the Hadean Eon.

KEY CONCEPT: THE PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE PAST. 

If it is true today then we assume it was true in the past.  Ex: if hurricanes cause tidal surges today, we can assume they caused tidal surges in the past.  If the moon causes tides today we can assume it caused tides in the past.  If life needs water to survive today then we can assume life needed water in the past.  If the chemical reaction for photosynthesis is  6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ light energy) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂  then it was the same in the past.

Do Now # 4 "The Necessities of Life", Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids and ATP

Do Now # 4: How could taking the time to look at every figure, photo, and diagram help you understand the content better? 

Notes: Hadean Eon and the Origin of Life on Earth

How did the Earth form? In a nutshell their was a supernova around 5,000,000,000 (5 B.Y.A.)  years ago which cuased the interstellar dust cloud to begin to spin and collapse onitself becuase of its own gravity, the heat from their collision and the intense pressure created the sun.  Further out other particles started to come to gether and grew bigger and bigger and became the planets.    Click the link to get a better idea.




The Hadean is the geologic eon before the Archean. It started with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago (4,600,000,000) and ended roughly 3.8 billion years ago, The name "Hadean" derives from Hades, Greek for "Underworld", referring to the "hellish" conditions on Earth at the time.


Oldest rock on Earth: approximately 3.8 billion years ago.  That means we have almost 800,000,000 years the is virtually unrecorded in the History of the Earth.  On the coast of Hudson Bay in northern Quebec are dated from 3.8 to 4.28 billion years old.


Earth's Oldest Fossil: are the stromatolites consisting of rock built from layer upon layer of sediment.   Stromatolites from the late Archean and through the middle Proterozoic eon were mostly formed by massive colonies of cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green "algae"), and that the oxygen byproduct of their photosynthetic created earth’s oxygen rich atmosphere about 2.2 billion years ago. 

Theories of How Life First Evolved On Planet Earth

Autogensis:

n.
The supposed development of living organisms from nonliving matter. Also called autogenesis, spontaneous generation

Watch this video by Carl Sagan expalining the Miller Experiment.

Meteorite Theory:
Panspermia: Panspermia is a Greek word that translates literally as "seeds everywhere". The panspermia hypothesis states that the "seeds" of life exist all over the Universe and can be propagated through space from one location to another. Some believe that life on Earth may have originated through these "seeds".

Amino Acids - The Building Blocks of Life

What are amino acids?
Amino acids  are the building blocks of proteins and play an essential role in metabolism.

Humans can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids. The others must be supplied in the food. Failure to obtain enough of even 1 of the 10 essential amino acids, those that we cannot make, results in degradation of the body's proteins—muscle and so forth—to obtain the one amino acid that is needed. Unlike fat and starch, the human body does not store excess amino acids for later use—the amino acids must be in the food every day.




What are proteins?




Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids. A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids but some are much smaller  and some much larger.


Every function in the living cell depends on proteins therefore they also depend on amino acids.  
•Motion and locomotion of cells and organisms depends on proteins. [Examples: Muscles, Cilia and Flagella]
•All biochemical reactions are done by enzymes, which contain protein.
•The structure of cells, and the extracellular matrix in which they are embedded, is largely made of protein. [Examples: Collagens] (Plants and many microbes depend more on carbohydrates, e.g., cellulose, for support, but these are synthesized by enzymes.)
•The transport of materials in body fluids depends of proteins. [See Blood]
•The receptors for hormones and other signaling molecules are proteins.
•Proteins are an essential nutrient for heterotrophs.
•The transcription factors that turn genes on and off to guide the differentiation of the cell and its later responsiveness to signals reaching it are proteins.
• and many more — proteins are truly the physical basis of life.

Amazing DNA Video

This video is a bit complex but it really is quite stunning.

Notes on the Miller Urey Experiment - On the origin of life.

Mr. S Summarizes.

SO these dudes made an experiment on some gasses and water and found that by adding electricity they could essentially create the building blocks of life.  Later researchers confirmed this finding and then some finding they could produce the components of DNA from non living gasses by adding electricity. 

As well researchers have found meteorites that have amino acids still in them which indicates that possibly life was brought to earth by falling meteorites.  Which makes me think....where did their life evolve...still the same question.

It is also important to note that the atmosphere of early earth (4.5-3.8 billion years ago) was nothing like it is today.  Humans could not have survived.  There was little to NO oxygen in the atmosphere.

We know that there are single celled organisms that don't need oxygen to survive.  They are called anaerobic.


 adapted from  http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=673845189173946144




1950 - Tried to see if they could create life from gases and electric current.

They used  molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earth's atmosphere and put them into a closed system

The gases they used were methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen (H₂), and water (H₂O). Next, he ran a continuous electric current through the system, to simulate lightning storms the researchers observed that some of the carbon formed of organic compounds. More amazingly some had formed amino acids which are used to make proteins. Finally and more importantly still their experiment showed that amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. This enormous finding inspired a multitude of further experiments.

In 1961, Juan Oro discovered that from an aqueous solution he could produce the nucleotide base, adenine. Adenine is of tremendous biological significance as an organic compound because it is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is a major energy releasing molecule in cells. Further experimentation showed that the other essential components of DNA and RNA could be created  through prebiotic chemistry.

On September 28, 1969, a meteorite fell over  Australia, analysis of the meteorite has shown that it is rich with amino acids. This meteorite has demonstrated that the Earth may have acquired some of its amino acids and other organic compounds by meteorite striking earth.....but then where did they get their amino acids from?

Welcome back - 1st blog assignment - Origin of Life

I am very excited to be your science teacher and share with you my joy for scientific inquiry and thinking. There is so much we can learn from the field of science and yet so much to be discovered. Let the journey begin.

Your first blog assignment is click, read,  and then comment about this link to the  Miller/Urey Experiment on the origin of life on planet Earth.

A few sentences is enough of a response.  What do you think?  Do you understand what they are saying?  What questions do you have?


Please use write your paragraph in a word document so you can spell check it before cutting and pasting it into the blog.

Make sure never to leave your full name.

Thanks.

7DJoshS